Problems of Social Hygiene,
Public Health and History of Medicine

By the beginning of the 20th century, plague was still a terrible enemy of mankind, striking ruthlessly at cities and claiming many lives. However, the causative agent of the disease had already been discovered and the medical community was gradually beginning to develop science-based approaches to sanitary protection, although quarantine in ports was still the main anti-epidemic measure. A number of countries had already established specialized institutions, conducted scientific research, trained specialists in handling pathogens of particularly dangerous infections, and maintained and published reports. In this regard, it seems very useful and instructive to compare the experience of elimination of plague outbreaks in the Japanese and Russian empires. This article, based on extant historical documents, examines the experience of plague outbreaks in the cities of Yokohama and Odessa in 1902. Since both cities are port cities and were often the scene of battles with particularly dangerous infections, such a comparison is the most correct, although rather limited, due to the paucity of extant information. Nevertheless, the results show that quarantine is no longer considered the only measure to combat plague, ceding the pedestal to disinfection, microbiological monitoring and epizootological surveillance. In particular, participants in those events conclude that a plague epizootic on rats is possible, and that the hygienic condition of cities must be improved. Clinical techniques and health education are improved, but failures by the sanitary services of each state are also revealed.

The article reflects the role of the dietetic community as a service for effectively countering the growing global burden of diseases related to malnutrition, including malnutrition, micronutrient deficiency, overweight and obesity. A key element of healthcare transformation in this direction is to ensure a sufficient number of highly qualified dietitians, whose density per 100,000 population is recognized by WHO as the most important indicator of the country's nutritional potential. However, world practice shows a widespread shortage of such specialists, even in developed countries. Strengthening the role and increasing the number of dietitians, ensuring their continuous professional development and creating a regulated professional environment are an integral modern trend and a prerequisite for building sustainable healthcare systems.

The article examines the relationship between improving the quality of life and the development of human capital as key factors of sustainable social progress. Special attention is paid to the issues of health and the healthcare system as the central elements of the infrastructure that ensures the realization of the potential of the individual and society. Based on interdisciplinary analysis (economic, sociological, demographic), the concept of a synergetic effect arising from a coordinated policy in the field of public health and human development is substantiated. The conclusion is drawn about the need for an integrative approach in social policy aimed at improving living standards through investments in health, education and well being.

The purpose of the study was to study the medical and organizational aspects of providing medical care in the field of obstetrics and gynecology at the regional level by conducting a survey of medical staff working in medical organizations in the Tula region. 408 respondents took part in the survey. Of these, 56 heads of structural divisions, 53 secondary medical workers, and 299 specialist doctors. The study of the medical and organizational aspects of providing medical care in the field of obstetrics and gynecology has shown that promising areas for the development of the maternity and childhood care system are the formation of new regional routes for women of fertile age, pregnant women, women in labor and women in labor with the formation of a unified organizational and functional structure for reproductive health. The organization of the coordination center's activities as the main provider of medical and preventive services with an integrated information system for automated support of management decisions using artificial intelligence technologies is aimed at providing affordable and high quality obstetric and gynecological care to the population. Updating route management processes, taking into account the identified aspects of improvement, will increase the efficiency of planning and use of resources in the obstetric care system, will rationalize the use of the bed fund, human resources and technical equipment of medical organizations.

The article presents the results of an empirical study on the use of neural network technologies by elderly university teachers representing medical and sociological sciences. The study is based on survey data from 524 academic professionals, with a focus on 60 respondents aged 60 and older. Special attention is given to the comparative analysis of digital activity, engagement with generative AI, and preferred tools (GPT, DeepSeek, GigaChat, etc.). The findings show that medical educators are more likely to use neural networks in research, while sociologists integrate them more into teaching practices. The selection of these two disciplines is justified as representative for analyzing digital adaptation in academia. The article concludes with limitations and directions for future research.

The problem of Internet addiction, which has become especially evident in recent years, is one of the most pressing issues in the sociology of youth. Internet addiction has a great impact on activities and behavior, determining the processes of youth socialization, leading to changes in personal and public life. The article presents an analysis of the results of a sociological study conducted by a survey (questionnaire) of Moscow students (18-35 years old) in order to identify factors influencing the formation of Internet addiction in young people of different generations and identify patterns. The results of both our own research and the analysis of secondary data obtained by domestic and foreign scientists made it possible to establish a negative correlation between age and the degree of Internet addiction (the older the person, the lower the degree of addiction to Internet technologies), the influence of personal and environmental factors that can aggravate/restrain the development of addictive behavior on the Internet. Based on the study, a conclusion was made about the need to conduct further scientific research, develop methodological recommendations for all subjects of Internet addiction prevention and their active use when working with young people in the system of general, vocational and additional education.

Suicide mortality monitoring provides important information that may be interpreted within social determinants of public health. Suicide mortality during the pandemic, contrary to many fears, did not increase, but the situation in the post pandemic period, when new challenges emerged, has not been studied yet. Surveillance in the Northwestern Federal District over the past 7 years has revealed a sharp decline in mortality in 2023 in some subjects, particularly in St. Petersburg (SPb) and Leningrad Oblast (LO). We calculated average annual mortality rates per 100,000 population with confidence intervals (as per Wilson). For detailed analysis we used the division of society into generations — up to 19 years old (generation Z), 20–39 years old (millennials, Y), 40–59 years old (generation X) and > 60 years old (“baby boomers” and traditionalists). Suicide indices in LO are significantly higher than in SPb, which is probably due to the higher proportion of rural population. The sharp decrease in mortality in 2023 in both subjects appeared to be most pronounced and statistically significant among men aged 40–59 and over 60. While the mortality rate among women in the older groups is generally decreasing, it is either stable or tends to increase among women under 39 years of age. From the perspective of the role of social integration, according to Durkheim theory, the sharp decline in male suicides can be attributed to increased social cohesion, signs of social optimism, as well as military and economic mobilization during the special military operation. At the same time, when large contingents return from the conflict zone, prevention measures should be considered, taking into account possible jobs competition between young and older male groups, as well as the likelihood of an increase in the prevalence of post traumatic stress disorder.

Significance. Effectiveness of demographic and family policies depends on considering as many factors that influence the population reproductive behavior as possible. However, the impact of marital status on motivation to have a child among childless women of reproductive age has yet to be fully explored. The purpose of the study is to assess the impact of marital status on motivation to have a child among childless women of reproductive age. Material and methods. The authors have analyzed data of the research project “Demographic well-being of Russia” implemented in 2020 in 10 regions of the Russian Federation that involved a questionnaire survey. 16 questions of the questionnaire out of the total 138 covered marital status, value of children to the family, health status and health maintenance, and infertility treatment, and were analyzed across groups of respondents with different marital status. The total sample size equaled to 1929 women aged 25–49 including 23.0% childless women. Verification of medical and social characteristics of childless women determining a high motivation to have a child was based on the analysis of characteristics of women in Moscow who sought treatment for infertility at the Center for Reproduction and Family Planning. Results. The health status of childless women in partnership was better and the share of those who still can have children among such women was higher compared to married women. Only childless married women expressed a desire to use modern reproductive technologies to have a child, and only 5.5% of childless women in partnership did so. Childless never married women, as well as those married, are more likely to rate their lifestyle as healthy. Divorced women and women in partnership are less likely to maintain reproductive health. Among married women, the share of high education is higher among childless. Less than one-third of women believe that a family without children is not a true family, while half as many childless women share this opinion. At the same time, only half of women consider children a characteristic of a happy family, while only third of childless women think so. Divorced childless women are the least likely to agree that children are an essential part of a happy family. Women who use modern reproductive technologies are more likely to be married, have higher education, and more committed to a healthier lifestyle compared to childless respondents. Conclusion. Like women with children, childless married women aged over 25 have a higher motivation to have a child. Regardless of their marital status, childless women generally do not consider having children as an essential element of happiness. A higher level of education is associated with a higher likelihood of childlessness, increasing motivation to seek treatment for infertility among married women. More responsible attitudes towards one's health are associated with motivation to have a child, while divorced and women in cohabitation are less likely to commit to self-protective behavior.

Motion sickness syndrome, or kinetosis, is a pathological reaction of the body to unusual movement. The most wellknown type of this condition is seasickness. During pitching and when changing body position, a person experiences irritation of the vestibular organ, visual analyzer and receptors of internal organs, which affects the proper performance of their production functions. Given the specifics of the work of seafarers, many shipowners are concerned about this problematic aspect. In this article, the author reveals the etymology of the concepts of «kinetosis», «motion sickness syndrome» and «occupational seasickness», identifies the main forms of their manifestation, establishes key requirements for the selection of seafarers when signing a contract, and presents recommended measures to prevent the development of kinetosis in students of maritime educational institutions.

The article examines the phenomenon of longevity through the prism of philosophical anthropology, with an emphasis on the existential, phenomenological and ethical aspects of aging. The author analyzes old age not as a biological decline, but as a special stage of human existence, saturated with meaning, reflection and inner completeness. Old age is interpreted as a space of symbolic assembly of biography, cultural transmission and development of gerontological subjectivity. The article substantiates the need to revise utilitarian ideas about old age and to recognize its ontological and anthropological significance.

According to the order of the Government of the Russian Federation №291-r from February 9, 2023 one of the priority tasks of the Blood Service today is to increase plasma collection for the production of medicinal products, with a target of collecting at least 780 tons of plasma in 2025. Given the strategic importance of meeting the goals set for the Blood Service, there is a need to explore and develop new donor streams. In 2024, Russia has set a record with 355,000 foreign students. In this context, the involvement of foreign nationals permanently residing in the Russian Federation in the donor movement is of great scientific and practical interest. This study presents the experience of collaboration between the All-Russian Non-profit Organization «Russian Red Cross» and the Federal Plasma Center «Rosplasma» in engaging foreign students in plasma donation in a major economically developed region — the Republic of Tatarstan. The results of a voluntary anonymous sociological survey of 205 foreign nationals regarding their attitudes toward donation in Russia are presented. The methodology of interaction with foreign nationals is described, the organizational features of donor events are outlined, difficulties and prospects are analyzed, and practical recommendations are provided. The study concludes that the involvement of foreign citizens in the donor movement is currently underdeveloped but holds significant potential for expansion nationwide, which could be utilized to meet the strategic objectives of the Blood Service.

The demand for rehabilitation services in the field of modern aesthetic medicine and dermatology is characterized by an active growth. Global trends indicate a significant increase in the number of procedures aimed at correcting appearance, with minimally invasive methods and surgical interventions such as rhinoplasty, liposuction and injection technologies becoming particularly popular. The prospects for the development of rehabilitation services in the field of modern aesthetic medicine and dermatology are associated with the integration of interdisciplinary approaches, including psychological support, rehabilitation techniques and ethical principles of interaction with patients. An important direction is also the adaptation of world experience to the conditions of countries with different income levels, where access to high-tech procedures remains limited. Increasing patient awareness will ensure a balance between aesthetic demands and maintaining physical and mental health, which will ultimately contribute to the sustainable development of the industry and improve the quality of life for patients.

The article presents the results of the analysis of the dynamics of the age profile of the female population of fertile age and identifies the factors affecting the fertility rates. It is shown that the absolute number of the female population living in the southern territories of the Irkutsk region has decreased. The proportion of the cohort of fertile age women has decreased in general in the population of the total population and in the population of the female population. The reduction in the number of women of fertile age has led to a change in their age structure towards its aging, a decrease in the proportion of young, active reproductive ages. Special fertility rates make it possible to obtain a quantitative characteristic of the intensity of childbirth. Over the 23-year study period, the fertility rates of the female population have increased in general. It was revealed that in the dynamics, maximum fertility has moved to older age groups (25-29 years), characterizing the intensifying demographic processes of the implementation of "late motherhood". As a result of applying the index analysis method, it was revealed that in most southern territories of the region such as: Irkutsk, Angarsk, Angarsk district, Shelekhov, Usolye, Usolsky district, Cheremkhovo, Cheremkhovsky district. in the dynamics of 2005-2023. a decrease in the index of the number of births was recorded. On average, by territory, the key factor influencing the decrease in this index was a decrease in the index of the proportion of women of childbearing age in the total number of women. By territory, the contribution of factors to the decrease in the index of the number of births was different. Thus, for such territories as: Irkutsk, Cheremkhovo, Cheremkhovsky district, Usolye, Angarsk, the key factor in decreasing the index of the number of births was a decrease in the index of the proportion of women of childbearing age from all women. For territories such as: Angarsk and Usolsky districts, the factor determining the decrease in the index of the number of births was a decrease in the fertility rate of the female population. In the Irkutsk and Shelekhovsky districts, a positive trend in the increase in the birth rate index has been formed. The leading factor in the increase in the birth rate index in the Irkutsk district is the increase in the index of the proportion of women of fertile age from all women. For the Shelekhovsky district, this is an increase in the average population index. Calculated special coefficients allow us to predict the dynamics of population reproduction in individual territories and are an important link in the development of regional programs for strengthening the demographic potential of the territories of the constituent entity of the Federation.

Introduction. The study aims to study the attitude of students to a healthy lifestyle (HLS), identify key motivators, barriers and factors influencing their behavior. Based on an anonymous survey of 93.7% of respondents, the authors analyzed their eating habits, physical activity, daily routine, as well as the role of academic workload and availability of medical services. The results demonstrate a significant gap between the awareness of the importance of a healthy lifestyle and its practical implementation. Recommendations and suggestions for the formation of a healthy lifestyle at the university to maintain and improve the health of students are offered. The objective of the study: to assess the healthy lifestyle (HLS) among medical students and to develop recommendations for their optimization using the example of the Dagestan State Medical University (DSMU).