Problems of Social Hygiene,
Public Health and History of Medicine

The article considers international experience of studying mental health of migrants. The actuality of this problem is conditioned by massive migration flow that occurred because of large number of military conflicts and desire of people to ensure better life for themselves and their descendants. The article describes the most common mental disorders among migrants, factors affecting their mental health and barriers they encounter on their way to good mental state. The impact of coronavirus infection pandemic on mental health of migrants is considered. The review indicates measures targeted to improve mental status of displaced persons, including application of participatory approach and implementation of concept of positive mental health. To maintain adequate mental health of migrants, holistic and interdisciplinary approach is required that considers ethnic and cultural characteristics of community of displaced persons.

Among challenges and menaces related to losses of human potential in rural areas, it is necessary to note decreasing of population and its aging, higher percentage of migration of residents from rural areas, higher mortality of rural population than urban one, decreasing of natality in rural areas. The life expectancy of rural population is lower than of urban population. The lower indicators are noted in rural males who live no longer than 67 years. The lower rates of new-onset and general morbidity were established in rural population that is related to poor exposure of diseases, inadequate dispensarization and preventive activities in rural areas. These predicaments are conditioned by limited medical care accessibility in rural settlements and remoteness from medical organizations. The comparison of general morbidity of rural population in the Russian Federation before the COVID-19 and during the pandemic determined increasing of general morbidity in 2023 up to 3.3% for certain classes of diseases that require patient rehabilitation, increasing of dispensary work and activation of prevention activities. The challenges to health care system and losses of human potential are be taken into account under elaboration of Federal and municipal programs in rural health care programs in conditions of counteracting risks of menaces to rural population health, as well as for development and making management decisions at the Federal, regional and municipal levels.

The article presents scientific methodology of comprehensive (integral) assessment of regional health care system readiness to respond to biological (pandemics, epidemics), technological (accidents, disasters) and military (armed conflicts, terrorist attacks) global challenges. The analysis was carried out concerning existing methodologies and algorithms of assessing readiness of health care systems and medical organizations in the Russian Federation and abroad. The International Health Regulations and associated WHO tools, global health security indices, national indices and readiness checklists were covered by analysis. Their efficiency were evaluated on the basis of expert data and COVID-19 pandemic experience. The mathematical model of integral evaluation of readiness were developed that included set of key indicators (infrastructural, resource-based, managerial, epidemiological, etc.) and criteria system. The methodology of calculation of integral index, considering weighting coefficients of indicators and aggregated sub-indices, is proposed. The examples of application of methodology at regional level are provided. The recommendations for using integral evaluation for planning activities targeted to strengthening health care system readiness for emergency situations are formulated.

The hygienic training and education is of strategic importance conditioned by its original purpose — to preserve life and foster human being in proper manner. The healthy human is, among other things, critically and independently pondering and productive and initiative worker, socially active citizen able to to take care of oneself and having active empathy for others. Currently, the task is set for hygienic training and education of population to motivate people to be healthy and employers to implement health programs and to promote health of employees. At that, public authorities and local governments ensure organization and maintenance of informational educational environment promoting health and disease prevention. The medical education is to be actively presented in the youth environment that encourages higher education institutions to focus on active presence of health-saving technologies in educational and training process. The article focuses on possibilities of digital technologies in this activity, permitting to reduce distance of contact between medical institution and young people.

In 2023, survey of Russian respondents aged 18 and older established that main problems faced by young people were “employment issues” (39%), “housing problems” (37%), “difficulties in obtaining good education” (28%), and “lack of ideals and atmosphere of spiritual impoverishment” (25%). The Decree of the President of the Russian Federation (2024) established issues of “realization of human potential and education of socially responsible personality” as National goal of development of the country. The Strategy of Implementation of the Youth Policy in the Russian Federation (approved in 2024) presents critical analysis of current state of youth policy and determines problems in this area. This study analyzes the Federal normative legal acts (the Federal Law, the Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, Decrees and Orders of the Government of the Russian Federation) and simultaneously compares indicators marked to characterize achievement of National goal. Factually, this means availability of established normative legal framework governing relations in the field of youth policy, characterized by coherence and continuity of documents.

In order to characterize motor activity of Belarusian adolescents considering duration of individual components of the daily regime, to reveal nature of influence of social economic characteristics of families in which adolescents are brought up on parameters of their physical activity, material was analyzed taken from original database compiled on the basis of survey of 1254 adolescents aged 15–18 years (the sampling quoting Republican). It is established that motor activity of Belarusian adolescents has no gender differences and no differences conditioned by place of residence and is characterized as insufficient one. The every tenth teenager is outdoors for less than one hour per day, and 56.05% of girls and 50.31% of boys (p=0.042) are outdoors for less than two hours per day. Almost 2/3 of respondents spend three or more hours daily at the computer, telephone, regardless of gender and place of residence. The level of physical activity of adolescents is associated with duration of their interaction with gadgets. The higher risk of insufficient motor activity in combination with prolonged use of digital devices, regardless of gender and place of residence, is demonstrated by adolescents who spend less time for homework preparation. The relationship between adolescent lifestyle and family characteristics is confirmed. The risk related to avoiding health-preserving modes of spending free time is higher in case of lower self-assessment of financial situation of their family, and by some components in adolescents from incomplete families. The education of parents is significant factor. For commitment to healthy motor activity of modern Belarusian teenager it is necessary to form self-organization skills, and motivation against the background of positive emotional psychological reinforcement from the family.

The article analyzes 14 scientific platforms fixed by the Strategy for the Development of Medical Science in the Russian Federation up to 2025. The role of national medical research centers (NMRC) subordinate to the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation in their implementation is also considered. The analysis of the quantitative distribution permitted to identify leaders both among participants of NMRC and among scientific platforms themselves, as well as to assess contribution of NMRC into their implementation. The results of the study provide an opportunity for preliminary qualitative assessment of degree of interdisciplinary in implementation of one or another scientific platform. The relationship is established between national priorities determined by scientific platforms and world trends in the field of medicine and health care, corresponding to subject areas of foreign international databases of scientific citation. To identify priority thematic directions of scientific research, scientometric analysis of publications for 2021–2023 by 58 subject categories of Web of Science in the field of medicine and health care for the world and the Russian Federation with calculation of Russia's contribution into world publication landscape. The implementation of scientific platforms involves NMRC, which have both thematic profile and topics of research carrying out within the framework of state tasks ordered by the Ministry of Health of Russia, corresponds to content of scientific platforms themselves.

Purpose of the study is to analyze characteristics of feeding behavior (FB) in persons aged 60 years and older. The data of characteristics of FB were received through questionnaire survey of 1,045 men and women aged 60 years and older and residing in Moscow. The average age of respondents was 71.08±1.3 years. In the sampling, percentage of men was 36% and of women 64%. The following characteristics of FB were studied: frequency of food intakes, regularity of food intakes (compliance of regimen of food intake), qualitative composition of food, significance of quality of food consumed (compliance of requirements to feeding safety), as well as fact of consumption of flour, sweet and carbonated sugary drinks (compliance of regimen of caloric content). It is established that most of men and women of elderly age groups ingest food three or more times per day. The irregularity of feeding is the most common type of FB among representatives of elderly age groups, especially in women. However, with age increasing, percentage of people consuming food at different times decreases. In the first half of the day, the largest amount of food is taken by minority of polled representatives of elderly groups, regardless of gender. But with aging, the prevalence of such a behavior increases. The most men and women of elderly age groups also take food between their main intakes and most of them do it irregularly. The common practice of tea-drinking (coffee intake) between main food intakes is widely applied. Only minority of respondents of the elderly age groups carefully watch quality and composition of food consumed. The every fifth representative of studied age group did not follow rules of feeding and did not watch quality and composition of food consumed. Among the representatives of the elderly age groups, both men and women are highly committed to flour and sweet foods and dishes. No significant age differences in characteristics of food intake in population of elderly age groups was established.

The article on basis of materials from state archives for the first time reconstructs circumstances of obtaining in the All Union Research Institute for Penicillin and Other Antibiotics or the All Union Research Institute for Penicillin VNIIP first producers for industrial production of penicillin at national enterprises The factors affecting course of breeding work and achieved results are considered

The article presents analysis of experience of elimination of the COVID-19 pandemic from position of implementation of restrictive measures and their impact as damaging factors on the elderly and citizens with limited mobility under emergency situations. It is established that inclusion of low-mobility citizens and people in conditions of forced self-isolation into life support algorithms increases efficiency of rescue measures. The structure responsible for implementation of the given function is contact center, a division of operational headquarters for elimination of emergency situation. Using beforehand formed database of register of people with limited mobility and well-established communication channels, operators of contact center organize informational methodological support, remote monitoring and correction of vital functions, as well as efficient evacuation and hospitalization of citizens belonging to the given category.

Nowadays, AI technologies are an integral part of modern science. The processes of broad implementation of AI technologies into research activities became a challenge to ethical foundations of science functioning as social institution, capable not only to change established characteristics of research processes, but also to cause risks of wide propagation of academic fraud. The AI tools have a number of advantages determining scales increase and expansion of areas of their application in processes of receiving and presenting scientific results. The article outlines directions of AI application in research activities. The various positions regarding capabilities of AI technologies at different stages of scientific search. The key ethical risks and areas of ethical reflection on AI tools of scientific research in the field of bio-medicine are emphasized. The formats of putting and solving problems of ethics of science on external and internal contour, including consideration of specifics of biomedical research involving humans are analyzed. The tasks of reflection on processes of research transformation under AI influence and development of guidelines of proper application of AI technologies are substantiated. The tasks of maintaining quality of scientific research and compliance with established ethical standards of science are considered

The purpose of the study is to develop matrix organizational technology to implement new methods of diagnostic treatment and rehabilitation in multi-field hospital. The study involved sampling of 47 experts. In total matrices were filled in for 44 methods of diagnostic treatment rehabilitation and prevention. At that one method could belong to two types. For example it could be applied both as prevention and as treatment method (endovascular surgical correction of cardiac arrhythmia with implantation of frequency-adapted three-chamber pacemaker). The matrix begins with passport section. The initial step of filling procedure is identification of type of medical care to belongs considered method. The types of method (preventive diagnostic therapeutic) are arranged horizontally in matrix. If method is comprehensive one integrating for example elements of diagnostic and treatment then its positioning is to be reflected in two corresponding columns of matrix. The proposed matrix organizational technology of implementing new methods of diagnostics treatment and rehabilitation in multi-field hospital permits to neatly arrange priorities of implementation of necessary management decisions and organizational activities both at the stage of implementation planning and at the stage of implementation proper of innovative technology in multi-field hospital.

The article presents results of the study in 2006–2022 of children morbidity, traumatism, mortality and factors affecting process of formation of individual risk of occurrence of injury in children. The study permitted: to distribute territories of the Orenburg Oblast according to level of average value of indicator of children traumatism and its increasing rate; to develop new management technologies in organization of medical care of children population under traumatism; to evaluate rate and prognosis of children traumatism with informing administrative staff of territories of the Region; to intensify work of interdepartmental interaction in terms of reducing children traumatism and minimizing risks of its occurrence, complications and lethal outcomes under medical care provision.