Problems of Social Hygiene,
Public Health and History of Medicine

The article considers results of the study evaluating historical and epidemiological events that preceded and accompanied adjustment of the pandemic description on the WHO website in 2009 and 2011.
The analysis covered publications related to epidemics and pandemics issues, the WHO documents, the WHO website.
The descriptions of pandemic mostly focused on “enormous numbers of cases and deaths”. Since May 2009, new description of pandemic was published, focusing on disease prevalence. In 2011 it reverted to initial one with no comments. From perspective of the WHO document of 2009, declaration of swine flu pandemic in June 2009 seemed justified. However, considering previous pandemic history, common sense and consequences of declaring pandemic of disease with low both number of cases and mortality, it was premature move.
Since primary factor hindering development of pandemic is effectiveness of infectious disease treatment, to minimize likelihood of new pandemic it is necessary to improve special medical education quality and to study and to adapt to modern conditions all effective medications and methods used in the past.

The article considers issues of how population behavior impacts realization of state anti-epidemic measures and efforts to control pandemic. Materials and Methods. The methodology of the study is based on such methods as text analysis, elastic network and construction of regression equations. The analysis of indicators characterizing state policy measures controlling pandemic was applied according to data from The Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker portal. The behavioral reactions of population were assessed by text analysis of messages in Twitter and VKontakte social networks using the Rulexicon, tonalities dictionary of Russian language. The analysis of mobility was implemented on basis of data from Google Community Mobility Reports (GCMR). The study base includes data of March 12, 2020 — August 1, 2021.
It is established that in controlling pandemic the most effective is to apply combination of measures implemented at state level of the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation that permits to compensate negative effect of quarantine regimen. In the Russian Federation,effect of self-isolation measures, organization of remote work of employees of enterprises, closure of schools, wearing masks is controversial and their incorrect application can contribute to virus propagation. The vaccination measures are also effective in reducing morbidity of disease, but they are characterized by lagging effect. The approval and acceptance by population anti-epidemic measures significantly impact efficiency of pandemic control.
The study results can be applied in practice of implementation of anti-epidemic measures as a tool preventing excessive risks of population morbidity and mortality.

The article analyzes age dynamics of initial causes of death according to records in medical death certificates of population of older age groups. Materials and methods. The records of causes of death of 34.914 persons aged 60 years and older were used as primary source of information. The initial cause of death was determined according to the ICD-10 rules. The rate of registration by reason of death was calculated as intensive value per 100 deaths in concrete age and sex group. Each cause was coded according to the ICD-10 rules (revision 2014–2016). The belonging to group was determined by first character (letter) in four-digit code that corresponded to the Class.
On the basis of analysis of structure of causes of death, the group A of causes that included five Classes of ICD-10, determined 81.4% of all deaths in population aged 60 years and older. Two Classes: “Diseases of the circulatory system” (Class IX) and “Neoplasms” (Class II) determine in all studied age groups more than a half of all deaths (from 55% to 71% of males and from 59% to 67% in females) and namely they determine mortality rate in older age groups. There are no gender differences in age characteristics of registration rate in these groups (p > 0.05), however age dynamics differ. In case of diseases of circulatory system initial cause of death is increase rate of registration at increasing of age. In case of neoplasms at increasing of age decrease of registration rate as initial cause of death is established. At that, rate of decline is higher than rate of increase that determines certain decrease of structural significance of combined contribution of these two groups of causes at increasing of age. The Group B of causes, including three Classes of ICD-10 “Respiratory diseases” (Class X), “Diseases of the digestive system” (Class XI) and “Diseases of the nervous system” (Class VI), determined in overall 11.9% of all deaths in population aged 60 years and older.
The age dynamics of causes of death of population of older age groups exists for certain groups of causes and it should be considered in organizing medical care of population of older age groups.

The application of mathematical modeling approaches based on factual demand of the population of territories in setting of medical and technical tasks makes it possible to significantly optimize costs of construction and equipping primary health care objects. This is confirmed by both corresponding calculations and results of analysis. This operation is oriented both on structural divisions of regional executive authorities responsible for setting of medical and technical tasks, and on investment companies implementing projects in health care.

The article presents results of sociological analysis of social health of modern student youth. The empirical basis of study was composed with results of monitoring study of student youth carried out by sociological laboratory of the Department of Sociology and Social Technologies. Within a framework of sociological monitoring, were evaluated such components of social health of student youth as relationships with friends and relatives, relationships in student community, inter-ethnic relations in University and region, participation in public life, social well-being, active life position and family practices and values. It is established that modern possibilities of living conditions allow each person to organize one's life-style in such a way as to develop synergetic effect for social health, combining achieved standards of organization of everyday life and fashion for healthy lifestyle. It is namely such synergistic effect can be enhanced and induced in social environment. The main role at that is played by namely large multi-generational family.

The article presents updated information concerning satisfaction of patients with quality of medical care in public and private health care institutions in Russia.
The purpose of the study is to explore satisfaction with medical services in different groups of Russian population using representative sampling and considering various aspects of medical care quality.
The statistical analysis on the basis of data of telephone survey “The National Monitoring of Public Health” (2022) was applied. The respondents were asked about four aspects of medical care quality: explanation of health condition and treatment, involvement into desision making concerning treatment, trust to medical workers, readiness for another visit.
The most patients of public and private medical institutions were satisfied with all aspects of medical care quality. The level of satisfaction varies in different groups: it was lower in less healthy patients and patients with unmet demands in medical care. No significant differences in satisfaction of patients were established in relation to socio-demographic characteristics (except place of residence). Most patients were satisfied with two aspects of medical care quality at once. However, 1–9% and 8–14% of patients of private and public clinics were satisfied with one aspect and dissatisfied with another.
Despite dominance of patient satisfaction nation-wide, behaviors in some patient groups requires more detailed study to develop measures promoting their further involvement into health care system.

The article considers issues of potential of public organizations to develop conditions for healthy aging in order to ensure sustainable development of Russian regions differing in their socio-economic, socio-cultural and demographic characteristics. It is established that individual approach is to be applied in developing and implementing measures, since elderly Russians constitute very heterogeneous social demographic group, characterizing by differences in age, health condition, social, economic and professional status, life motivation, family/single/nursing type of residence, etc. It is indicated that work will require time, financial expenses and labor costs. The achievement of sustainable development of Russian regions depends on ability and readiness of regional and municipal authorities, public and commercial organizations and entire population. It is determined that age-related stigmatization and ageism can not be overcame through decisions made by persons of power. No less significant is public opinion, determining position of employers, physicians, teachers and other specialists on whom healthy longevity of population depends.
The conclusion is made that present demographic changes are a predictor of development of position of state authorities and public opinion that needed attention is to be paid to promoting of healthy aging, to expending necessary financial, infrastructural, informational and human resources. Only in this case Russian regions can count on social dividends that will follow preliminary comprehensive investments into developing conditions for healthy aging of local residents.

The AI technologies are more and more widely implemented into modern health care. the mobile medical applications permit to monitor course of chronic diseases and form healthier behavior in patients, to reduce number of visits to medical organizations and to improve accessibility of medical care for limited mobile patients. However, actually there are number of problems limiting implementation of AI into functioning of health services. The article discusses problems associated with computer technologies themselves and medical research using them. The ethical nuances of widespread application of AI are described. The modes of overcoming existing disadvantages of computer and mobile health care are proposed.

The purpose of the study is to analyze demand in medical care at diseases of circulatory system in women in age groups of 50–64 years old.
The database of cases of medical care support of population age groups 50–64 years (the database of calls of Territorial Foundation of Mandatory Medical Insurance of the Moscow region) was used as primary information source. After correlation analysis of dependencies between indicators of demand in modeling, four indicators were left, three of them were volumetric and one frequency. Three blocks were used as basic causes included in Class IX “Diseases of the circulatory system” (ICD-10 version 2014–2016): 1. I10-I15 (Hypertensive diseases [Diseases characterized by high blood pressure]); 2. I20-I25 (Coronary heart disease); 3. I60-I69 (Cerebrovascular diseases).
The study demonstrated that dynamics of frequency and volume indicators of medical care demand among women in age groups of 50–64 years testifies that in age range of 50–60 years there is linear or close to linear increase of demand, after which trend of increasing demand changed to downward one. The data obtained testify that age (as variable) explains considerable proportion of all fluctuations of volume of medical care in demand in women of 50–64 years. This result can be considered quite satisfactory for applying proposed model in planning volumes of medical care. It is noted that decreasing of demand increase rate is observed at age of termination of employment of majority of female population.

The drug addiction is one of most serious deviant behavior seriously harming both addict person and one's relationship. The drug using is considered as deviant because means using substances from non-legal turn-over or applied in non-medical purposes. Then follows degradation of health of person and one's positioning into physical and mental dependence on them. With time, personal dependence on drugs becomes stronger. The addicted person looses possibility to experience joy from natural stimuli and more difficulties in controlling drug using appear. Persons using drugs frequently commit crimes to have money to maintain one's dependence. Therefore, issues of prevention narcotism and struggle with drug addiction are fundamental ones for whole system of prevention in Novorossiysk. The article presents analysis of implemented activities and adopted measures of struggle with drug addiction in population of Novorossiysk.

The humanization of medical education is targeted at integration of humanitarian values and approaches into system of education of medical personnel to improve their professional and personal training. This process includes education in medical ethics, development of communication skills, stress management and implementation of humanitarian disciplines into the curriculum. The humanization contributes into formation of empathy, responsibility and professionalism in future physicians that helps to better understand and consider psychological, social and emotional needs of patients. The problems of including humanitarian sciences into medical education are associated with lack of systematic approach, adequate curricula and qualified lecturers. To optimize process, it is necessary to focus on education of ideals and beliefs, development of integrated curricula and enhancement of humanitarian component of education.

The actual trends in training of health care professionals set before medical university task of actualization and diversification of training programs targeted to formation both professional and universal competencies to contribute to variable combination of different skills and habits in implementation of medical activities. The increasing needs of labor market in specialists capable to meet actual realities and associated with transformational transition from narrow specialization to different specific skills, inevitably results into increasing of importance for additional education programs as an element of continuing The following key features of various proposals for additional professional education programs were singled out. The major task of forming proposal of additional programs is seen by university through prism of possible increasing of income. And main contingent of students is formed by specialists improve their qualifications. The specificity of medical university is specialists training to implement medical practice. In this regard, additional law training programs are targeted to exclusively at persons mastering basic educational program for the first time. The competencies implemented are focused at extending and specifying training considering legal maintenance or new trends. Besides, applying value-based approach to formation of educational trajectory of student, university translates primary importance of autonomy of will of student choosing additional educational programs. Thus, learning program of additional education is carried out using basic training in law and considering necessary and sufficient factual component that meets the needs of modern labor market, permitting strengthen and expand available competencies for future professional activity of medical worker. The article analyzed results of studies of pedagogues and psychologists, specialists of philosophical direction, professional lecturers, and sociological studies. The methods applied were analysis and synthesis, formalization, generalization, document analysis. The main methods of data analysis were substantive (hermeneutical) analysis and discourse analysis.

The article considers role and specifics of professional competencies of employees of medical public organizations providing vital medical and social services to vulnerable groups of population having no access to necessary care due to financial difficulties, geographical isolation, natural disasters and other causes. It is noted that employees of such organizations have unique set of professional competencies permitting them to effectively function in conditions of limited resources and unstable circumstances. The importance of interdisciplinary interaction, cultural competence, ethicality and legal awareness of employees.

In the history of the Russian pharmaceutical market the year of 1993 became the year of formation of rules of market relations and changing under them of market landscape. The significant segment of state-centralized purchases moved under responsibility of regional authorities and their health care authorities. At that, powers of three former state organizations being occupied with purchases of imported medications were distributed between new state companies of Ministry of Health and commercial organizations and firms that entered pharmaceutical market. This diversity rather soon gave rise to competitive fight for budget funds and experiments of Government with market regulation. The traces of these clashes and attempts to make market regulated can be found in Ministry of Health archives and journal publications. The Report I reveals circumstances of entrance of Ministry of Health into market relationships and its acquisition of market player identity.