Problems of Social Hygiene,
Public Health and History of Medicine

The article analyzes the practice of estimating social economic losses of society from drug consumption implemented in Russia and European countries from 2002 to the present time. Purpose of the study is to identify objective indicators and advantages of various calculation methods applied to analyze of foreign and national practice of estimating social and economic losses of society from drug consumption. The analytical method was applied to analyze various approaches to estimating social economic losses of society because of drug consumption in various countries. The sampling of articles was implemented in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines in the PubMed, Google Scholar and eLibrary databases. It is established that in various studies assessing value of social cost of drug consumption, different methodological approaches are applied, which affects the results of assessment. The magnitude of social cost of drug addiction in the studies ranged from 0.00023% to 4.7% of the Gross Domestic (National) Product (GNP). The large part of social cost of drug abuse in GNP is mostly conditioned by estimating number of hidden drug users during the study, as well as by optimal approach in calculating expenditure categories. The assessment of amount of economic losses of society because of drug traffic is needed to make correct management decisions within the framework of implementation of state drug policy at various levels. This approach can help to better use of the public financial resources.

The aging of population is accompanied by simultaneous increasing of rate of age-associated ophthalmic diseases resulting in vision decreasing. However, visual impairment in elderly and senile age is rarely considered in the epidemiology of falls in these groups. The purpose of the study is to investigate medical social aspects of falls in older age groups with visual impairment. The retrospective methodology was applied to study falls in 4832 elderly and senile patients with visual impairment due to cataract glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. The high incidence of falls in men and women aged 80 and older, amounting to 82.6 and 125.7 cases per 1000 of population of corresponding age respectively was established. The falls in elderly patients with low vision is more often registered in case of diabetic retinopathy than of glaucoma, cataract and age-related macular degeneration without significant differences at the age 50–59 years and 60–69 years. The diabetic retinopathy is the most common cause of falls requiring hospitalization in all age groups. To In reducing prevalence of falls and resulted hospitalization, to optimize traumatological care of patients of older age groups, the priority is for early identification and treatment of people with diabetic retinopathy.

The purpose of the study is to establish main trends in morbidity of adolescents (15–17 years old) in the regions of the Northern-Caucasus Federal Okrug in 2011–2020. The study is based on data of statistical reports on primary and general morbidity of population aged 15–17 years for 2011–2020. The results. The epidemiological situation concerning morbidity of adolescents in the Russian Federation and the Northern-Caucasus Federal Okrug is characterized by positive trend over the analyzed period. The deterioration of epidemiological situation is observed in the Karachay-Cherkessia Republic (KChR) where absolute increase in overall morbidity of adolescents comprised 105.3% and primary morbidity 49.0% and in the Stavropol Territory (ST) — 23.0% and 27.5% correspondingly. The decrease of morbidity of adolescents is observed in the Republic of Ingushetia (RI) (by 56.9% and 51.7%) and in the Chechen Republic (ChR) (by 34.6% and 45.0%). In the Republic of Dagestan (RD), an increase of overall morbidity (by 114.0%) is accompanied by decreasing of primary morbidity (by 13.2%) and in the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania (RNOA) (absolute increase in overall morbidity by 7.8% and decrease of primary morbidity by 7.0%). In the Kabardino-Balkaria Republic (KBR), there is absolute decreasing of overall morbidity (by 1.7%) with simultaneous increase of primary morbidity of adolescents (by 24.2%). However, there are features inherent in most of analyzed regions of the Northern-Caucasus Federal Okrug. The increase of overall morbidity of eye diseases in adolescents is registered in six out of seven regions with exception of the RI, the increase of primary morbidity occurred in four of them (KChR, RD, KBR, ST). The increase of general and primary morbidity of ear diseases is registered in five regions (KChR, RD, RI, KBR, RNOA). The increasing of morbidity of neoplasms registered as common for five regions (the KChR, RD, RI, KBR, the ST) and as primary one in four of them (with the exception of the ST). The conclusions. In the regions of the Northern-Caucasus Federal Okrug multi-directional dynamics of indicators of general and primary morbidity among adolescents was established with predominance of particular classes of diseases. This result testifies absence of unified policy in the field of public health targeted to maintaining healthy life-style in adolescents.

In the conditions of sanctions and aggravation of trade relations, the issue of importing many categories of goods is rather sharp. At that, goods of medical purposes as one of most import-dependent category faced great difficulties associated with their lacking in adequate quantities for planned support of patients. The cochlear implantation at the moment of implementation of restrictions was built on almost 90% of imported implants and their components that makes considered topic especially actual. The article considers in detail basic principles of cochlear implants functioning. The customs statistics regarding importation of implants is analyzed. The procedure of organizing work on implantation and postoperative rehabilitation is examined. The main problematic aspects in industry were identified and recommendations for their elimination were formulated.

The stress brings on many diseases and causes significant harm to human health. On the board of vessel, the state of increased or high anxiety is conditioned by specifics of profession and impact of rapidly changing external exposures. The organization by shipowner of proper rest conditions for crew members will permit to implement requirements of international and national regulatory documents and to become a preventive measure of reducing number of cases of suicide at sea. The possibilities of physical activity on board are limited. In this regard, application of modern digital technologies in health maintenance is relevant. The article presents guidelines of the Labor Convention of 2006 of assuring recreation conditions for crew members, the basic requirements governing the pro that regulate measures of their health support and medical care. The possible directions of organizing specified conditions to prevent occurrence of stressful situations on ship board are designated.

The health of children population is one of the indicators of the social and epidemiological well-being of society. The purpose of the study was to study main trends of propagation of various classes of diseases in children population in conditions of propagation of the new coronavirus infection. The data of Rosstat for the Udmurt Republic covering the pre-COVID period (2017–2019) and the period of COVID-19 propagation (2020–2021). The analytical method, descriptive statistics technique, the calculation of intensive and extensive indicators were applied. It is established that in 2017–2019, general morbidity of the children population aged 0–7 years decreased by 8.7%, while in conditions of higher propagation of COVID-19 (2020–2021) there was an increase by 11.0 %. In the children population aged 0–14 years, general morbidity decreased by 10%, and hereinafter it increased on 12.1%. At that, in the pre-COVID period in children population aged from 0 to 17 years, morbidity rate decreased for 14 classes of diseases, for 15 classes in children population aged from 0 to 14 years. During the period of higher propagation of COVID-19 morbidity rate for only 5 classes of diseases decreased in both age groups of children population.

The article presents review of foreign publications reflecting application of digital technologies in medical professional education. The most common pedagogical innovations are considered: digital textbooks and multimedia, simulation modeling, virtual learning environment and augmented reality, cloud technologies, gamification and artificial intelligence. It is noted that application of digital technologies is seen as constant of future professional education. However, current practice of digitization of educational process of training medical personnel is ambiguous and requires careful study and constant monitoring in order to determine main advantages of digital technologies, methods, didactic practices and other elements ensuring quality and effectiveness of the educational process.

The series of articles is devoted to examination of history of implementing the Government program of supplementary medicinal support from the point of view of conditions of development of pharmaceutical market in Russia. The research is based both on the interviews with pharmaceutical market participants and government administrators organized in 2020–2022, and research publications in specialized editions. The first experience of close interaction between the pharmaceutical business and the Government in implementing social policy is analyzed. The first report reveals concept of developing given program, demonstrates its commercial and social attractiveness.

The article considers the period of becoming of transfusiology in the USSR that fell on times of the First World War, the October Revolution, the Civil War and scrambling for power of various political forces. This scramble resulted in victory by forces that did not consider A. A. Bogdanov as an ideological enemy. It allowed him, already withdrew from political activity, to develop and to embody his concept of blood transfusion even in conditions of shortage of resources. The development of theory of A. A. Bogdanov from his early literary works to first experiments with blood transfusion is demonstrated. He carried out these experiments jointly with like-minded persons in conditions of the “underground” and active discussion at the highest state level necessity of establishing special Institute of blood transfusion in the country. Particular biographical information demonstrating ability of man to sacrifice oneself in searching the Truth are presented. The 2023 is the year of one hundred fiftieth birthday and the ninety fifth death anniversary (the death resulted from failed experience on oneself) of A. A. Malinovsky (Bogdanov) — the revolutionary, psychiatrist, politician, philosopher and man of letters.

The article review the book about the Soviet health care. The analysis of its content and main conclusions is presented. The book inflicts powerful blow on myth of numerous merits, achievements, progressiveness, impeccability and humanity of the Soviet health care. The authors bring up issue of applying new theoretical and methodological basis in studying the Soviet health care. The certain directions of further study of health care in the USSR are proposed.

The content-analysis was applied to messages (created in April-May of 2018, 2020, 2021 and 2022) from Internet. The drastic increase of interest of audience to issue of medical care support and professional activity of physicians during period of increasing of morbidity of COVID-19 was established. The changing of basic sites for placement of content notably augmentation of mass media role was noticed. The increase of interest to research issue in audiences older than 60 years and in individuals with secondary special education was established. Furthermore, positive alteration of tonality of messages was noted. In 2018, on one positive message fell two negative messages. Starting from 2020, positive messages prevail over negative messages: 2020 — in two times, 2021 — 2.1 times, 2022 — 4.6 times. In absolute values, the number of messages of positive tonality increased up to 9.8 times in 2022 as compared to 2018. Starting from 2020, in the word cloud appeared words “gratitude” and “thank you”.

The article analyzes possibilities in sociological research of dementia and social problems it generates. In conditions of increase of unfavorable tendencies related to dementia, occurs decreasing of social status of patients and their relatives tending them, increasing of their socioeconomic maladjustment, deterioration of social and psychological well-being, stigmatization and even social isolation of individuals affected by the problem (including people working with patients with dementia). The dementia results in changes of social identity of patient and one’s relatives, image, quality and standard of living. The caregivers begin to devote less time to themselves and their basic needs. The contradictions in family are becoming more aggravated. The results of surveys demonstrate readiness of many Russians to hypothetically leave in family and provide home caring of diseased relative. The necessity of development of social institutes of curative preventive and social rehabilitative care increases. However, particular difficulties of carrying out sociological surveys of people with dementia that indicates necessity of approbation of special research methodologies. The research methods can vary from mass surveys to depth interview, from analysis of official documents to focus groups. In demand are study of public opinion, expert appraisal, surveys of nearest social environment to identify social risks conditioned by dementia, detection of social groups most affected by its negative impact, analysis of expectations and attitudes of social environment, possibilities of social adaptation and integration in society of those who anyway are affected by the problem, amelioration of their social positioning. of public opinion, expert assessments, surveys of the immediate social environment are in demand in order to highlight the social risks caused by dementia; to identify those social groups that are most susceptible to its negative impact; analysis of expectations and attitudes of the social environment, opportunities for social adaptation and integration into society of all those affected by the problem.

The article considers the process of population aging, which is evidently specific in economically developed countries for last quarter of the XX century. The increasing of population size older than able-bodied age in urban and rural population in the Irkutsk Oblast that is demonstrated by aging coefficient dynamic. In all studied territories increasing of this coefficient is revealed that characterizes transition of aging process in most areas of residence of urban and rural population to the level of III–IV stages (old and deeply old population). The dynamics of average age indicator is characterized by its stabilization at the level of stage II as aging population. The pensionary load on urban and rural population is increasing and it is higher in rural population. The increasing of this indicator is reflected in transformation of aging population (stage II) to old and deeply old population (stage III–IV). In most areas, coefficient of longevity is characterized by its increase in urban and rural population. The heterogeneity of aging differences between urban and rural population is smoothing out.

The infantile cerebral paralysis is a significant medical social problem and economic burden for family, health care system and state economy in general since such children require organization of accessible environment and life-long rehabilitation maintenance. The purpose of the study is content-analysis of normative legal regulation of medical social rehabilitation of children with infantile cerebral paralysis in the Russian Federation. The analysis of main normative legal documents established that medical social rehabilitation is implemented in concordance with norms of international legislation and is regulated by provisions of Federal laws and other normative legal acts of the Russian Federation and its subjects. It was established that despite noticeable progress the legislation in this area has a number of significant shortcomings that adversely affect accessibility for children with cerebral palsy of high-quality and effective services of comprehensive medical social rehabilitation and requires improvement.

The COVID-19 pandemic has its own objective features associated with density of residence, organization and accessibility of medical care, migration characteristics of population, etc. Therefore, analysis of current situation with coronavirus in the Russian Federation, its Federal Okrugs and subjects is needed. The coronavirus infection resulted in significant changes in indicators of primary morbidity and mortality of population of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the study — to apply the results of analysis of primary morbidity of population of Moscow, the Central Federal Okrug and the Russian Federation in conditions of COVID-19 pandemic in developing recommendations on population health preservation. The monographic, statistical, analytical methods were applied. The official statistics data of Minzdrav of Russia and Rosstat were used. The comparative analysis of for the first time diagnosed morbidity (in 2020) in Moscow, the Central Federal Okrug and the Russian Federation established similar distribution of incidence rates for three key classes of diseases. The first rank place took respiratory diseases, the second one took traumas, poisoning and some other consequences of external causes and the third rank place took COVID-19. The decreasing of primary morbidity of population in the Russian Federation in 2019–2020 was established for almost all classes of diseases that is related to diminishing of dispensary and preventive activities concerning population. The morbidity rate of COVID-19 in the Federal Okrugs of the Russian Federation is presented. The ranking of subjects of the Russian Federation according to indicators of established pandemic was applied. The difference between the highest and the lowest morbidity rates of COVID-19 in the subjects of the Russian Federation made up to 16.8 times. The analysis established that COVID-19 determined increasing of life losses because of respiratory diseases (pneumonia in particular); circulatory system diseases (ischemic heart disease in particular); diabetes mellitus, etc. The statistical accounting of causes of death associated with COVID-19 is not accompanied by noticeable improvement of coding quality of other causes of death. The results of the analysis is be applied in developing management decisions.