<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1d1" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">Problems of Social Hygiene, Public Health and History of Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Problems of Social Hygiene, Public Health and History of Medicine</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0869-866X</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-2106</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Joint-Stock Company Chicot</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">915</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32687/0869-866X-2022-30-3-423-427</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Научная статья</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The urban transport as social economic health determinant</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Karabakhtsyan</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name><bio></bio><email>kum672002@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff-1">The Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education “the Stavropol State Medical University”</aff><pub-date date-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2022-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>423</fpage><lpage>427</lpage><history><pub-date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-06-18"><day>18</day><month>06</month><year>2022</year></pub-date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2022,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year></permissions><abstract>The article considers role of transport as one of social economic health determinants. The aspects having positive and negative impact on health of population are presented. The necessity to design and plan transport systems considering population needs is postulated. It is emphasized that main priority in improving health is transition from using cars to ecological types of transport, for example, bicycles. The 8 concrete measures of improving health of urban residents are described, including increase of accessibility of points of destination, management of cars demand by reducing their accessibility and increasing parking costs, design of transport networks convenient for pedestrians and cyclists, achieve optimal population density, reduce distance to public transport and increase attractiveness of active modes of movement, etc. The strategies encouraging use of public transport are outlined.</abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>social economic determinants of health</kwd><kwd>urban transport</kwd><kwd>healthy urban planning</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>социально-экономические детерминанты здоровья</kwd><kwd>влияние транспорта на здоровье</kwd><kwd>здоровые города</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Burns J., Boogaard H., Polus S., Pfadenhauer L. M., Rohwer A. C., van Erp A. M., Turley R., Rehfuess E.Interventions to reduce ambient particulate matter air pollution and their effect on health. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2019 May 20;5(5):CD010919. doi: 10.1002/14651858</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Pope C. A. 3rd, Rodermund D. L., Gee M. M. Mortality effects of a copper smelter strike and reduced ambient sulfate particulate matter air pollution. Environ. Health Perspect. 2007 May;115(5):679-83. doi: 10.1289/ehp.9762</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Delmelle E. C., E. Haslauer T. Prinz Social satisfaction, commuting and neighborhoods. J. Transport Geography. 2013;30:110-6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Raerino Ngāti Awa Te Arawa K., Macmillan A. K., Jones Ngāti Kahungunu R. G. Indigenous Māori perspectives on urban transport patterns linked to health and wellbeing. Health Place. 2013 Sep;23:54-62. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2013.04.007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Norgate S. H. Accessibility of urban spaces for visually impaired pedestrians. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. Munic. Eng. 2012;165(4):231-7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Litman T. Transportation and public health. Annu. Rev. Publ. Health. 2013;34(1):217-33.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Brunekreef B., Holgate S. T. Air pollution and health. Lancet. 2002;360(9341):1233-42.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Babisch W. Transportation noise and cardiovascular risk: updated review and synthesis of epidemiological studies indicate that the evidence has increased. Noise Health. 2006;8(30:1-29.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Lee I. M., Shiroma E. J., Lobelo F. Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet. 2012;380(9838) 219-29.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Becerra J., Reis R., Frank L. Transport and health: a look at three Latin American cities. Cad. Saúde Pública. 2013;29(4):654-66.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Lucas K. Transport and social exclusion: where are we now? Transport Pol. 2012;20:105-13.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Khreis H., Warsow K. M., Verlinghieri E. The health impacts of traffic-related exposures in urban areas: Understanding real effects, underlying driving forces and co-producing future directions. J. Transp. Health. 2016;3:249-67.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Bloomberg New Energy Finance, 2017. Available at: https://about.bnef.com/blog/electric-vehicles-accelerate-54-new-car-sales-2040/</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Requia W. J., Mohamed M., Higgins C. D. How clean are electric vehicles? Evidence-based review of the effects of electric mobility on air pollutants, greenhouse gas emissions and human health. Atmosph. Environ. 2018;185:64-77.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Götschi T., Garrard J., Giles-Corti B. Cycling as a part of daily life: a review of health perspectives. Transport Rev. 2016;36(1):45-71.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Gössling S., Choi A. S. Transport transitions in Copenhagen: Comparing the cost of cars and bicycles. Ecol. Econ. 2015;113:6-113.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Otero I., Nieuwenhuijsen M. J., Rojas-Rueda D. Health impacts of bike sharing systems in Europe. Environ.Int. 2018;17:387-94.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Bourne J. E., Sauchelli S., Perry R. Health benefits of electrically assisted cycling: a systematic review.Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. 2018;15(1):116.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Nieuwenhuijsen M. J. Urban and transport planning pathways to carbon neutral, liveable and healthy cities: A review of the current evidence. Environ.Int. 2020 Jul;140:105661.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Nieuwenhuijsen M. J. Urban and transport planning, environmental exposures and health-new concepts, methods and tools to improve health in cities. Environ. Health. 2016;15:38.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Nieuwenhuijsen M. J., Khreis H. Car free cities: Pathway to healthy urban living. Environ.Int. 2016;5(94):251-62.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Nieuwenhuijsen M. J., Khreis H., Triguero-Mas M. Fifty shades of green: pathway to healthy urban living. Epidemiology. 2017;28:63-71.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Nieuwenhuijsen M. J., Khreis H., Verlinghieri E. Participatory quantitative health impact assessment of urban and transport planning in cities: a review and research needs. Environ.Int. 2017;103:61-72.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Nieuwenhuijsen M. J. Influence of urban and transport planning and the city environment on cardiovascular disease. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 2018;15(7):432-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Pazin J., Garcia L. M. T., Florindo A. A. Effects of a new walking and cycling route on leisure-time physical activity of Brazilian adults: a longitudinal quasi-experiment. Health Place. 2016;39:18-25.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Panter J., Ogilvie D. Theorising and testing environmental pathways to behaviour change: natural experimental study of the perception and use of new infrastructure to promote walking and cycling in local communities. Brit. Med. J. Open. 2015;5(9):e007593.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Heinen E., Ogilvie D. Variability in baseline travel behaviour as a predictor of changes in commuting by active travel, car and public transport: a natural experimental study. J. Trans. Health. 2016;3(1):77-85.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Heinen E., Panter J., Mackett R., Ogilvie D. Changes in mode of travel to work: a natural experimental study of new transport infrastructure.Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Activ. 2015;12(1):8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Brown B. B., Tharp D., Tribby C. P. Changes in bicycling over time associated with a new bike lane: relations with kilocalories energy expenditure and body mass index. J. Trans. Health. 2016;3(3):357-65.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Okushima M. Simulating social influences on sustainable mobility shifts for heterogeneous agents. Transportation. 2015;42(5):827-55.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Okushima M., Akiyama T. Multi-agent transport simulation model for eco-commuting promotion planning. J. Adv.Comput.Intell.Intell. Inf. 2011;15(7):911-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Lemoine P. D., Sarmiento O. L., Pinzón J. D. TransMilenio, a scalable bus rapid transit system for promoting physical activity. J. Urban Health. 2016;93(2):256-70.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Zellner M., Massey D., Shiftan Y. Overcoming the last-mile problem with transportation and land-use improvements: an agent-based approach.Int. J. Trans. 2016;4(1);1-26.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Yang L., Sahlqvist S., McMinn A.Interventions to promote cycling: systematic review. Br. Med. J. 2010;341:c5293.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Florindo A. A., Barrozo L. V., Turrell G. Cycling for transportation in Sao Paulo City: associations with bike paths, train and subway stations.Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health. 2018;15(4):562.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Goodman A., Sahlqvist S., Ogilvie D.; iConnect Consortium. Connect new walking and cycling routes and increased physical activity: one- and 2-year findings from the UK iConnect study. Am. J. Public Health. 2014;104(9):38-46.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Liao Y., Wang I. T., Hsu H.-H., Chang S.-H. Perceived environmental and personal factors associated with walking and cycling for transportation in Taiwanese adults.Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health. 2015;12(2):2105-19.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
