Problems of Social Hygiene, Public Health and History of MedicineProblems of Social Hygiene, Public Health and History of Medicine0869-866X2412-2106Joint-Stock Company Chicot224810.32687/0869-866X-2025-33-4-628-632Научная статьяTOWARDS STRATEGIES FOR THE MEDICAL PREVENTION OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASESAmlaevK RAbdullahAlnizamiThe Bukhara State Medical Institute named after Abu Ali ibn Sino of the Ministry of Health of Uzbekistan, Bukhara, UzbekistanSana Klinikum Berlin, Board Certified in Preventive Medicine, Berlin, Germany1508202533462863229092025Copyright © 2025,2025The article considers modern data on non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and their risk factors. The increasing role of sociopolitical and economic factors in prevalence of NCDs is highlighted. The focus is made on implementation of preventive strategies in schools. It is emphasized that, despite importance of problem, only 45% of countries reported availability of NCD national policy. The digital solutions in medical prevention allowing application of tools of self- monitoring of personal health according to individual circumstances are discussed separately. The prevention strategies using incentives to encourage healthy behavior are described. Their efficiency in frequent and prolonged use is noted, especially for people with low income.health preventionstrategiesnon-communicable diseasesrisk factor.стратегии профилактики заболеванийнеинфекционные заболеванияфакторы риска неинфекционных заболеваний.[World Health Organization (WHO) LC-PD. 2008–2013 Action Plan for the global strategy for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases. The six objectives of the 2008–2013 Action Plan are. World Health Organization; 2013.][Budreviciute A., Damiati S., Sabir D. K., et al. Management and Prevention Strategies for Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) and Their Risk Factors. Front. Public Health. 2020 Nov 26;8:574111. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.574111][Ndubuisi N. E. Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention In Low- and Middle-Income Countries: An Overview of Health in All Policies (HiAP). Inquiry. 2021 Jan-Dec;58:46958020927885. doi: 10.1177/0046958020927885][Regional Committee. Scaling up prevention and control of chronic noncommunicable diseases in the sea region: risk factors for noncommunicable diseases: results in the South-East Asia region (results from surveys using the WHO STEPS approach). July9, 2007.][Caballero B. The global epidemic of obesity: an overview. Epidemiol. Rev. 2007;29(1):1–5.][Mayer-Foulkes D. A survey of macro damages from non-communicable chronic diseases: another challenge for global governance. Glob. Econ. J. 2011;11(1):1–27.][Fuster V. Committee on preventing the global epidemic of cardiovascular disease: meeting the challenges in developing countries. In: Board on Global Health. Fuster V., Kelly B. B., eds. Promoting Cardiovascular Health in the Developing World: A Critical Challenge to Achieve Global Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2010. P. 275–315.][Allen L. N., Smith R. W., Simmons-Jones F., et al. Addressing social determinants of noncommunicable diseases in primary care: a systematic review. Bull. World Health Organ. 2020 Nov 1;98(11):754–765B. doi: 10.2471/BLT.19.248278. Epub 2020 May 1.][Lightwood J. M., Glantz S. A. Declines in acute myocardial infarction after smoke-free laws and individual risk attributable to secondhand smoke. Circulation. 2009;120(14):1373–9.][Harris J. K., Shelton S. C., Moreland-Russell S., et al. Tobacco coverage in print media: the use of timing and themes by tobacco control supporters and opposition before a failed tobacco tax initiative. Tob. Control. 2010;19:37–43.][Smith K. C., McLeod K., Wakefield M. Australian letters to the editor on tobacco: triggers, rhetoric, and claims of legitimate voice. Qual. Health Res. 2005;15(9):1180–98. doi: 10.1177/1049732305279145][Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Best practices for comprehensive tobacco control program. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2014.][Barnoya J., Glantz S. Association of the California Tobacco Control Program with declines in lung cancer incidence. Canc. Causes Contr. 2014;15:689–95.][Cowling D. W., Yang J. Smoking-attributable cancer mortality in California, 1979–2005. Tob. Control. 2010;19(suppl 1):i62–i67. doi: 10.1136/tc.2009.030791][Xu T., Tomokawa S., Gregorio E. R. Jr, et al. School-based interventions to promote adolescent health: A systematic review in low- and middle-income countries of WHO Western Pacific Region. PLoS One. 2020 Mar 5;15(3):e0230046. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230046][Sawyer S. M., Afifi R. A., Bearinger L. H., et al. Adolescence: a foundation for future health. Lancet. 2012;379:1630–40. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60072-5][Viner R. M., Ozer E. M., Denny S., Marmot M., Resnick M., Fatusi A., et al. Adolescence and the social determinants of health. Lancet. 2012;379:1641–52. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60149-4][Weiss H. A., Ferrand R. A. Improving adolescent health: an evidence-based call to action. Lancet. 2019; Published Online March 12. doi: 10.1016/S0140- 6736(18)32996-9][Shackleton N., Jamal F., Viner R. M., et al. School-based interventions going beyond health education to promote adolescent health: a systematic review of reviews. J. Adolescent Health. 2016;58:382–96. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.12.017][Viner R. M., Ozer E. M., Denny S., et al. Adolescence and the social determinants of health. Lancet. 2012;379:1641–52. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60149-4][Jegannathan B., Dahlblom K., Kullqren Gl. Outcome of a school-based intervention to promote life-skills among young people in Cambodia. Asian J. Psychiatry. 2014;9:78–84. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2014.01.011][Etemad K., Heidari A., Panahi M., et al. Challenges in implementing package of essential noncommunicable diseases interventions in Iran's Healthcare System. J. Health Res Community. 2016;2:32–43.][World Health Organization. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/noncommunicable-diseases-progress-monitor-2015][World Health Organization. Report of the 2017 global survey. 2018. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241514781][Hadian M., Mozafari M. R., Mazaheri E., et al. Challenges of the Health System in Preventing Non-Communicable Diseases; Systematized Review. Int. J. Prev. Med. 2021 Jun 25;12:71. doi: 10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_487_20][Salinas A., Kones R. Barriers to global action plan for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases: Proposal modifications to the voluntary targets. J. Prev. Med. 2018;3:1–5.][Allen L., Williams J., Townsend N., et al. Socioeconomic status and non- communicable disease behavioral risk factors in low-income and lower-middle- income countries: A systematic review. Lancet Glob. Health. 2017;5:e277–89.][Mendenhall E., Kohrt B. A., Norris S. A., et al. Non-communicable disease syndemics: Poverty, depression, and diabetes among low-income populations. Lancet. 2017;389:951–63.][Hategeka C., Adu P., Desloge A., et al. Implementation research on noncommunicable disease prevention and control interventions in low- and middle- income countries: A systematic review. PLoS Med. 2022 Jul 25;19(7):e1004055. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004055][World Health Organization. Updated appendix 3 of the global NCD action plan 2013–2020. Technical Annex 2017; World Health Organization. Global action plan for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases 2013–2020. World Health Organization; 2013.][Marten R., Mikkelsen B., Shao R., et al. Committing to implementation research for health systems to manage and control non-communicable diseases. Lancet Glob. Health. 2021;9(2):e108–e109. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X (20)30485-X][World Health Organization. Mid-point evaluation of the implementation of the WHO global action plan for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases 2013–2020 (NCD-GAP). 2020.][Tighe S. A., Ball K., Kensing F., et al. Toward a Digital Platform for the Self-Management of Noncommunicable Disease: Systematic Review of Platform-Like Interventions. J. Med. Internet Res. 2020 Oct 28;22(10):e16774. doi: 10.2196/16774][World Health Organization. Monitoring and evaluating digital health interventions: a practical guide to conducting research and evaluation. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press; 2016. P. 1–144.][Maddison R., Rawstorn J. C., Shariful Islam S. M., et al. mHealth Interventions for Exercise and Risk Factor Modification in Cardiovascular Disease. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 2019 Apr;47(2):86–90. doi: 10.1249/JES.0000000000000185][Yu C. H., Parsons J. A., Mamdani M., et al. A web-based intervention to support self-management of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: effect on self-efficacy, self-care and diabetes distress. BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak. 2014 Dec 14;14:117. doi: 10.1186/s12911-014-0117-3][GBD 2016 Risk Factors Collaborators Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioral, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017 Sep 16;390(10100):1345–422. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32366-8][Prochaska J. J., Prochaska J. O. A Review of Multiple Health Behavior Change Interventions for Primary Prevention. Am. J. Lifestyle Med. 2011 May;5(3):208–21. doi: 10.1177/1559827610391883][Drca N., Wolk A., Jensen-Urstad M., et al. Physical activity is associated with a reduced risk of atrial fibrillation in middle-aged and elderly women. Heart. 2015 Oct;101(20):1627–30. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2014-307145][Trost S. G., Owen N., Bauman A. E., et al. Correlates of adults' participation in physical activity: review and update. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2002 Dec;34(12):1996–2001. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200212000-00020][Buczkowski K., Marcinowicz L., Czachowski S., et al. Motivations toward smoking cessation, reasons for relapse, and modes of quitting: results from a qualitative study among former and current smokers. Patient Prefer. Adherence. 2014;8:1353–63. doi: 10.2147/PPA.S67767][Stults-Kolehmainen M. A., Sinha R. The effects of stress on physical activity and exercise. Sports Med. 2014 Jan;44(1):81–121. doi: 10.1007/s40279-013-0090-5][Bauman A. E., Reis R. S., Sallis J. F., et al. Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group Correlates of physical activity: why are some people physically active and others not? Lancet. 2012 Jul 21;380(9838):258–71. doi: 10.1016/S0140- 6736(12)60735-1][Torres S. J., Nowson C. A. Relationship between stress, eating behavior, and obesity. Nutrition. 2007;23(11-12):887–94. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2007.08.008][Mol A., Moser I., Pols J. Care in Practice On Tinkering in Clinics, Homes and Farms. Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag; 2010. P. 1–326.][Lagarde M., Haines A., Palmer N. Conditional cash transfers for improving uptake of health interventions in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. 2007;298:1900–10.][Ranganathan M., Lagarde M. Promoting healthy behaviors and improving health outcomes in low and middle income countries: a review of the impact of conditional cash transfer programs. Prev. Med. 2012;55:S95–S105.][Sutherland K., Christianson J. B., Leatherman S. Impact of targeted financial incentives on personal health behavior A review of the literature Med. Care Res. Rev. 2008;65:36S–78S.][Chapman G. B., Brewer N. T., Coups E. J., et al. Value for the future and preventive health behavior. J. Exp. Psychol. Appl. 2001;7:235–50.][Mantzari E., Vogt F., Shemilt I., et al. Personal financial incentives for changing habitual health-related behaviors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prev. Med. 2015;75:75–85.][Lally P., Chipperfield A., Wardle J. Healthy habits: efficacy of simple advice on weight control based on a habit-formation model. Int. J. Obes. 2008;32:700–7.][Lally P., Gardner B. Promoting habit formation. Health Psychol. Rev. 2013;7:S137–S158.][Ondersma S. J., Svikis D. S., Lam P. K., et al. A randomized trial of computer-delivered brief intervention and low-intensity contingency management for smoking during pregnancy. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2012;14:351–60.][Mertens S., Herberz M., Hahnel U. J. J., et al. The effectiveness of nudging: A meta-analysis of choice architecture interventions across behavioral domains. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2021;119:e2107346118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2107346118][Nurchis M. C., Di Pumpo M., Perilli A., et al. Nudging Interventions on Alcohol and Tobacco Consumption in Adults: A Scoping Review of the Literature. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2023 Jan 17;20(3):1675. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20031675][Ledderer L., Kjær M., Madsen E. K., et al. Nudging in Public Health Lifestyle Interventions: A Systematic Literature Review and Metasynthesis. Health Educ. Behav. 2020;47:749–64. doi: 10.1177/1090198120931788][Marteau T. M., Ogilvie D., Roland M., et al. Judging nudging: Can nudging improve population health? BMJ. 2011;342: d228. doi: 10.1136/bmj. d228][Talat U., Schmidtke K. A., Khanal S., et al. A Systematic Review of Nudge Interventions to Optimize Medication Prescribing. Front. Pharmacol. 2022;13:798916. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.798916][Leone L. Nudge Strategies at a Glance: An Overview. More Freedom or New Paternalism? Epidemiol. Prev. 2016;40:462–5. doi: 10.19191/EP16.6.P462.127][Blaga O. M., Vasilescu L., Chereches R. M. Use and effectiveness of behavioral economics in interventions for lifestyle risk factors of non-communicable diseases: A systematic review with policy implications. Perspect. Public Health. 2018;138:100–10. doi: 10.1177/1757913917720233][Vallgårda S. Nudge-A new and better way to improve health? Health Policy. 2012;104:200–3. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2011.10.013][World Health Organization. Health Warning Labels on Alcoholic Beverages: Opportunities for Informed and Healthier Choices. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2021.][Pechey E., Clarke N., Mantzari E., et al. Image-and-text health warning labels on alcohol and food: Potential effectiveness and acceptability. BMC Public Health. 2020;20:376. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-8403-8][Hall M. G., Grummon A. H., Higgins I. C. A., et al. The impact of pictorial health warnings on purchases of sugary drinks for children: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS Med. 2022;19:e1003885. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003885][Caris M. G., Labuschagne H. A., Dekker M., et al. Nudging to improve hand hygiene. J. Hosp. Infect. 2018;98:352–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2017.09]