Problems of Social Hygiene, Public Health and History of MedicineProblems of Social Hygiene, Public Health and History of Medicine0869-866X2412-2106Joint-Stock Company Chicot205010.32687/0869-866X-2023-31-s1-917-922Научная статьяBRIEF DESCRIPTION OF CURRENT PROBLEMS AND ONGOING REFORMS OF HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS IN GREECE, BULGARIA AND SPAINAmlaevK. R.MazharovV. N.Stavropol State Medical University, 355017, Stavropol, Russia1109202331S391792204082025Copyright © 1970,1970The article is a description of the problems and reforms of the healthcare systems of Greece, Bulgaria, Spain. The range of existing problems includes the imperfection of management and financing of healthcare in these countries, which leads to a high level of co-financing of medical care by the population itself, a shortage of medical personnel and their uneven distribution within countries, the predominance of inpatient medical services, reduced availability (waiting time for medical care). In addition, Greece and Bulgaria have a high prevalence of risk factors for non-communicable diseases with weak or no screening programs. The countries listed above are implementing a number of reforms related to the management and financing of healthcare, and the availability of medical care. However, significant results of reform, with the exception of Spain, are not observed in these countries, including due to the lack of political agreement on the implementation of the necessary reforms.problems and reforms of healthcarehealthcare abroadпроблемы и реформы здравоохраненияздравоохранение за рубежом1.Berwick D. M., Hackbarth A. D. Eliminating waste in US health care // JAMA. 2012. Vol. 307, 14. P. 1513—1516. doi: 10.1001/jama.2012.3622.Groenewegen P. P., Jurgutis A. A future for primary care for the Greek population // Qual. Prim. Care. 2013. Vol. 21, N 6. P. 369—378.3.Tsounis A., Sarafis P., Alexopoulos E. C. Austerity and its consequences on cancer screening in Greece. Lancet. 2014. Vol. 384, N 9960. P. 2110. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62373—44.Souliotis K., Golna C., Tountas Y. et al. Informal payments in the Greek health sector amid the financial crisis: old habits die last... // Eur. J. Health Econ. 2016. Vol. 17, N 2. P. 159—170. doi: 10.1007/s10198-015-0666-05.Sifaki-Pistolla D., Chatzea V. E., Markaki A. et al. Operational integration in primary health care: patient encounters and workflows // BMC Health Serv. Res. 2017. Vol. 17, N 1. P. 788. doi: 10.1186/s12913-017-2702-56.Dresios C., Rachiotis G., Symvoulakis E. K. et al. Nationwide Epidemiological study of knowledge, attitudes, and practices study of greek general practitioners related to screening // Int. J. Prev. Med. 2019. Vol. 10. P. 199. doi: 10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_46_177.Sbarouni V., Petelos E., Kamekis A. et al. Discussing issues of health promotion and research in the context of primary care during the ongoing austerity period: an exploratory analysis from two regions in Greece // Med. Pharm. Rep. 2020. Vol. 93, N 1. P. 69—74. doi: 10.15386/mpr-13478.Economou C., Kaitelidou D., Karanikolos M., Maresso A. Greece: health system review // Health Syst. Transit. 2017. Vol. 19, N 5. P. 1—166.9.Vrachnis N., Loufopoulos A., Tarlatzis V. Greek-language clinical guidelines and consent forms in obstetrics and gynecology developed by the HSOG // Hellenic J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2015. Vol. 14, N 1. P. 1—4.10.Bernal-Delgado E., Garcia-Armesto S., Oliva J. et al. Spain: health system review // Health Syst. Transit. 2018. Vol. 20, N 2. P. 1—179.11.Ridao-López M., Comendeiro-Maaløe M., Martínez-Lizaga N., Bernal-Delgado E. Evolution of public hospitals expenditure by healthcare area in the Spanish National Health System: the determinants to pay attention to // BMC Health Serv. Res. 2018. Vol. 18, N 1. P. 696. doi: 10.1186/s12913-018-3445-712.Tambor M., Pavlova M., Rechel B. et al. The inability to pay for health services in Central and Eastern Europe: evidence from six countries // Eur. J. Public Health. 2014. Vol. 24, N 3. P. 378—385. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckt11813.Petrova D. A comparative analysis of social satisfaction with health care systems in Bulgaria, England, Germany and the Czech Republic // Med. Rev. 2013. Vol. 49, N 1. P. 65—69.14.Dimova A., Rohova M., Koeva S. et al. Bulgaria: health system review // Health Syst. Transit. 2018. Vol. 20, N 4. P. 1—230.