Проблемы социальной гигиены, здравоохранения и истории медициныПроблемы социальной гигиены, здравоохранения и истории медицины0869-866X2412-2106Joint-Stock Company Chicot154810.32687/0869-866X-2024-32-5-985-993Неопределенdr.mohammad68@tu.edu.iq271020243252704202527042025Copyright © 2025, АО "Шико"2025vitiligohypo-pigmentation, melanin, melanocyte1.Hann S. K., Nordlund J. J. Definition of vitiligo. In: Hann S. K., Nordlund J. J., eds. Vitiligo. 2nd Edition. New Jersey: Blackwell Science; 2000. P. 3–6.2.Grimes P. E. Disorders of pigmentation. In: ACP Medicine, Dale DC, Federman DD, editors. WebMD Scientific American Medicine. 4th Edition. New York: WebMD Prof Pub; 2012. P. 212–74.3.Robins A. Biological Perspectives on Human Pigmentation, Volume 7th. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2005. P. 52—85.4.Abdalla M. A., Nayaf M. S., Hussein S. Z. Correlation between serum α-MSH and vitamin D levels in vitiligo patients. Iran J. Dermatol. 2020;23(4):163–7.5.Mohr N., Petersen J., Kirsten N., Augustin M. Epidemiology of Vitiligo — A Dual Population-Based Approach. Clin. Epidemiol. 2021;13:373–82.6.Osinubi O., Grainge M. J., Hong L. The prevalence of psychological co-morbidity in people with vitiligo: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br. J. Dermatol. 2018;178(4):863–78.7.Dahir A. M., Thomsen S. F. Comorbidities in vitiligo: comprehensive review. Int. J. Dermatol. 2018;57(10):1157–64.8.Hu M., Chen C., Liu J., Cai L., Shao J., Chen Z., et al. The melanogenic effects and underlying mechanism of paeoniflorin in human melanocytes and vitiligo mice. Fitoterapia. 2020;140:104416.9.Kim H. J., Ahn H. S., Kazmi S. Z., Kang T., Kim H. S., Kang M. J., et al. Familial risk of vitiligo among first-degree relatives and spouses: A population-based cohort study in Korea. J. Investig. Dermatol. 2021;141:921–4.10.Spritz R. A., Andersen G. H. Genetics of vitiligo. Dermatol. Clin. 2017;35(2):245–55.11.Speeckaert R., Dugardin J., Lambert J., Lapeere H., Verhaeghe E., Speeckaert M. M., et al. Critical appraisal of the oxidative stress pathway in vitiligo: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2018;32(7):1089–98.12.Sandru F., Carsote M., Albu S. E., Dumitrascu M. C., Valea A. Vitiligo and chronic autoimmune thyroiditis. J. Med. Life. 2021;14:127–30.13.Rija F. F., Hussein S. Z., Abdalla M. A. Physiological and immunological disturbance in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Baghdad Sci. J. 2021;18(2):247–52.14.Nayaf M. S., Ahmed A. A., Abdalla M. A. Alopecia areata and serum vitamin D in Iraqi patients: A case-control study. Prensa Med. Argent. 2020;106(3):287.15.Huo J., Liu T., Huan Y., Li F., Wang R. Serum level of antioxidant vitamins and minerals in patients with vitiligo, a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 2020;62:126570.16.Jin Y., Andersen G., Yorgov D. Genome-wide association studies of autoimmune vitiligo identify 23 new risk loci and highlight key pathways and regulatory variants. Nat. Genet. 2016;48:1418–24.17.Rija F. F., Hussein S. Z., Abdalla M. A. Osteoprotegerin, sclerostin, and osteocalcin serum levels in thyroid disorder patients. Ukr. Biochem. J. 2021;93(5):117–21.18.Migayron L., Boniface K., Seneschal J. Vitiligo, from physiopathology to emerging treatments: a review. Dermatol. Ther. (Heidelb). 2020;19:12–26.19.Boniface K., Jacquemin C., Darrigade A. S., Dessarthe B., Martins C., Boukhedouni N., et al. Vitiligo skin is imprinted with resident memory CD8 T cells expressing CXCR3. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2018;138(2):355–64.20.Benzekri L., Gauthier Y. Clinical markers of vitiligo activity. J. Am. Acad Dermatol. 2017;76(5):856–62.21.Richmond J. M., Bangari D. S., Essien K. I., Currimbhoy S. D., Groom J. R., Pandya A. G., et al. Keratinocyte-derived chemokines orchestrate T-cell positioning in the epidermis during vitiligo and may serve as biomarkers of disease. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2017;137(2):350–8.22.Bergqvist C., Ezzedine K. Vitiligo: a review. Dermatology. 2020;236(6):571–92.23.Abdel-Malek Z. A., Jordan C., Ho T. The enigma and challenges of Vitiligo pathophysiology and treatment. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2020;33:778–87.24.Saniee S. Zinc, vitamin D and TSH levels in vitiligo patients. Erciyes Med. J. 2019;41:148–52.25.Bergqvist C., Ezzedine K. Vitiligo: A focus on pathogenesis and its therapeutic implications. J. Dermatol. 2021;48:252–70.26.Chen J., Li S., Li C. Mechanisms of melanocyte death in vitiligo. Med. Res. Rev. 2021;41(2):1138–66.27.Abdalla M. A. Melasma clinical features, diagnosis, epidemiology and etiology: an update review. Siriraj Med. J. 2021;73:841–50.28.Peeckaert R., Lambert J., Bulat V., Belpaire A., Speeckaert M., van Geel N. Autoimmunity in segmental vitiligo. Front. Immunol. 2020;11:568447.29.Harris J. E. Cellular stress and innate inflammation in organ-specific autoimmunity: lessons learned from vitiligo. Immunol. Rev. 2016;269(1):11–25.30.Hussein S. Z., Abdalla M. A. Serum levels of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone, vitamin d, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in COVID-19 patients. Ukr. Biochem. J. 2021;93(6):64–9.31.Zhu L., Lin X., Zhi L., Fang Y., Lin K., Li K., et al. Mesenchymal stem cells promote human melanocytes proliferation and resistance to apoptosis through PTEN pathway in vitiligo. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 2020;11:26.32.Gandhi K., Ezzedine K., Anastassopoulos K. P. Prevalence of vitiligo among adults in the United States. JAMA Dermatol. 2021;1:2351.33.Jin Y., Santorico S. A., Spritz A. Pediatric to adult shift in vitiligo onset suggests altered environmental triggering. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2020;140(1):241–3.34.Eleftheriadou V. Reliability and validity of the vitiligo signs of activity score. Br. J. Dermatol. 2020;183(5):801–2.35.El-Husseiny R., Abd-Elhaleem A., Salah El-Din W., Abdallah M. Childhood vitiligo in Egypt: Clinico-epidemiologic Profile of 483 patients. J. Cosmet. Dermatol. 2021;20(1):237–42.36.Cohen B. E., Manga P., Lin K., Elbuluk N. Vitiligo and melanoma-associated vitiligo: understanding their similarities and differences. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 2020;21(5):669–80.37.Narayan V. S., Uitentuis S. E., Luiten R. M., Bekkenk M. W., Wolkerstorfer A. Patients’ perspective on current treatments and demand for novel treatments in vitiligo. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2021;35(3):744–8.38.Rodrigues M., Ezzedine K., Hamzavi I., Pandya A. G., Harris J. E. Vitiligo working group, new discoveries in the pathogenesis and classification of vitiligo. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2017;77(1):1–13.39.Zhang Y., Cai Y., Shi M., Jiang S., Cui S., Wu Y., et al. The prevalence of vitiligo: A meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2016;11(9):e0163806.40.Attili V. R., Attili S. K. Segmental and generalized vitiligo: Both forms demonstrate inflammatory histopathological features and clinical mosaicism. Indian J. Dermatol 2013;58:433–8.41.Osinubi O., Grainge M. J., Hong L., Ahmed A., Batchelor J. M., Grindlay D., et al. The prevalence of psychological comorbidity in people with vitiligo: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br. J. Dermatol. 2018;178(4):863–78.42.Wolkerstorfer A. The long road to valid outcomes in vitiligo. Br. J. Dermatol. 2019;180(3):454–5.43.Eleftheriadou V., Hamzavi I., Pandya A. G., Grimes P., Harris J. E., Huggins R. H., et al. International Initiative for Outcomes (INFO) for vitiligo: workshops with patients with vitiligo on repigmentation. Br. J. Dermatol. 2019;180(3):574–9.44.Karaosmanoğlu N., Özdemir Ç. P., Göğem İ. I., Kıratlı N. E., Karaaslan E. Childhood and adolescence vitiligo: clinicoepidemiological profile and its impact on quality of life. Cyprus J. Med. Sci. 2020;5:41–6.45.Okamura K., Suzuki T. Current landscape of oculocutaneous albinism in Japan. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2021;34(2):190–203.46.Bowman S. L., Bi‐Karchin J., Le L., Marks M. S. The road to lysosome‐related organelles: Insights from Hermansky‐Pudlak syndrome and other rare diseases. Traffic. 2019;20(6):404–35.47.Wu J. H., Cohen B. A. The stigma of skin disease. Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 2019;31(4):509–14.48.Masood S., Jalil P., Ahmed Jan N., Sadique M. Waardenburg syndrome type-II in twin siblings: an unusual audio-pigmentary disorder. Cureus. 2020;12(10):e10889.49.Phan C., Ezzedine K., Lai C. Agreement between self-reported inflammatory skin disorders and dermatologists’ diagnosis: a cross-sectional diagnostic study. Acta Dermatol. Venereol. 2017;97(10):1243–4.50.Smijs T. G., Pavel S. Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in sunscreens: focus on their safety and effectiveness. Nanotechnol. Sci. Appl. 2011;4:95–112.51.Chang H. C., Hsu Y. P., Huang Y. C. The effectiveness of topical calcineurin inhibitors compared with topical corticosteroids in the treatment of vitiligo: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2020;82(1):243–5.52.Lee J. H., Kwon H. S., Jung H. M., Lee H., Kim G. M., Yim H. W., et al. Treatment outcomes of topical calcineurin inhibitor therapy for patients with vitiligo: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol. 2019;155(8):929.53.Li R., Qiao M., Wang X., Zhao X., Sun Q. Effect of narrow band ultraviolet B phototherapy as monotherapy or combination therapy for vitiligo: a meta-analysis. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 2017;33(1):22–31.54.Mina M., Elgarhy L., Al-Saeid H., Ibrahim Z. Comparison between the efficacy of microneedling combined with 5-fluorouracil vs microneedling with tacrolimus in the treatment of vitiligo. J. Cosmet. Dermatol. 2018;17(5):744–51.55.Parsad D., Godse K., Shah B., Grandhi S., Teli C. Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF) related decapeptide 0.1% Solution, with Tacrolimus 0.1% ointment combination therapy compared with Tacrolimus 0.1% ointment monotherapy in the treatment of stable vitiligo: A Phase IV, randomized 12 months Study. Indian J. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 2020;6(3):249–53.56.Abdalla M. A., Nayaf M. S. Evaluation of serum α-MSH level in melasma. WJPMR. 2018;4(5):29–32.57.Dillon A. B., Sideris A., Hadi A., Elbuluk N. Advances in vitiligo: an update on medical and surgical treatments. J. Clin. Aesthet. Dermatol. 2017;10(1):15–28.58.Bae J. M., Jung H. M., Hong B. Y., Lee J. H., Choi W. J., Lee J. H., et al. Phototherapy for vitiligo: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol. 2017;153(7):666–74.59.Sharquie K. E., Al-Hamamy H., Noaimi A., Al-Marsomy M., Salman H. A. Direct electrical current is a new therapeutic option for vitiligo. Am. J. Dermatol. Venereol. 2014;3(1):9–12.60.Sharquie K. E., Noaimi A., Adnan S., Al-Niddawi A. M., Aljanabi W. K. Intralesional therapy of vitiligo by 1% lactic acid solution versus triamcinolone acetonide injection. Am. J. Dermatol. Venereol. 2020;10(1):6–10.61.Shenoi S. D., Prabhu S. Photochemotherapy (PUVA) in psoriasis and vitiligo. Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol. 2014;80:497–504.62.Lei T. C., Hearing V. J. Deciphering skin re-pigmentation patterns in vitiligo: an update on the cellular and molecular events involved. Chin. Med. J. 2020;133(10):1231–8 (In Engl.).63.Bishnoi A., Parsad D. Clinical and molecular aspects of vitiligo treatments. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018;19:1509.64.Wu Y., Sun Y., Qiu L. A multicentre, randomized, split face and/or neck comparison of 308-nm excimer laser and 0.1% tacrolimus ointment for stable vitiligo plus intramuscular slow-releasing betamethasone for active vitiligo. Br. J. Dermatol. 2019;181:210–1.65.Gupta M. Levamisole: A multi-faceted drug in dermatology. Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol. 2016;82:230–666.Guarneri F., Bertino L., Pioggia G., Casciaro M., Gangemi S. Therapies with antioxidant potential in psoriasis, vitiligo, and lichen planus. Antioxidants. 2021;10:1087.67.Bae J. M., Lee J. H., Kwon H. S., Kim J., Kim D. S. Motorized 0.8 mm micro-punch grafting for refractory vitiligo: A retrospective study of 230 cases. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2018;15:57–66.68.Gupta S., Relhan V., Garg V. K., Sahoo B. Autologous noncultured melanocyte-keratinocyte transplantation in stable vitiligo: A randomized comparative study of recipient site preparation by two techniques. Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol. 2018;9:25–40.69.Ju H. J., Bae J. M., Lee R. W. Surgical interventions for patients with vitiligo: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol. 2021;2(8):56–70.70.El Mofty M., Mostafa W. Z., Esmat S., Samir N., El-Samanoudy S. I., El-Mesidy M. S., et al. Monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone 20 and 40% cream in depigmentation of patients with vitiligo: a randomized controlled trial. J. Egypt Womens Dermatol. Soc. 2020;17:130–7.71.Mohammad T. F., Al-Jamal M., Hamzavi I. H., Harris J. E., Leone G., Cabrera R., et al. The Vitiligo Working Group recommendations for narrowband ultraviolet B light phototherapy treatment of vitiligo. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2017;76(5):879–88.